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Installation and Configuration of Postfix Emailserver
The following are my notes on installing and configuring a Postfix emailserver for Linux Ubuntu 20 LTS
Install mailutils package
First install mailutils:
root@gemini:~# apt install mailutils
Reading package lists… Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information… Done
The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required:
javascript-common libao-common libao4 libevent-core-2.1-7 libevent-pthreads-2.1-7 libflac8 libjs-cropper libjs-jquery
libjs-prototype libjs-scriptaculous libjs-underscore libmecab2 libspeex1 libvorbisenc2 linux-headers-5.4.0-99
linux-headers-5.4.0-99-generic linux-image-5.4.0-99-generic linux-modules-5.4.0-99-generic linux-modules-extra-5.4.0-99-generic
mecab-ipadic mecab-ipadic-utf8 mecab-utils php-gd php-getid3 vorbis-tools wordpress-theme-twentynineteen
Use ‘apt autoremove’ to remove them.
The following additional packages will be installed:
guile-2.2-libs libgc1c2 libgsasl7 libkyotocabinet16v5 libmailutils6 libntlm0 mailutils-common postfix
Suggested packages:
mailutils-mh mailutils-doc procmail postfix-mysql postfix-pgsql postfix-ldap postfix-pcre postfix-lmdb postfix-sqlite sasl2-bin
| dovecot-common resolvconf postfix-cdb postfix-doc
The following NEW packages will be installed:
guile-2.2-libs libgc1c2 libgsasl7 libkyotocabinet16v5 libmailutils6 libntlm0 mailutils mailutils-common postfix
0 upgraded, 9 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
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Get:4 http://gb.clouds.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 libgsasl7 amd64 1.8.1-1 [114 kB]
Get:5 http://gb.clouds.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 libkyotocabinet16v5 amd64 1.2.76-4.2build1 [318 kB]
Get:6 http://gb.clouds.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 mailutils-common all 1:3.7-2.1 [272 kB]
Get:7 http://gb.clouds.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 libmailutils6 amd64 1:3.7-2.1 [437 kB]
Get:8 http://gb.clouds.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/universe amd64 mailutils amd64 1:3.7-2.1 [138 kB]
Get:9 http://gb.clouds.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal-updates/main amd64 postfix amd64 3.4.13-0ubuntu1.2 [1,201 kB]
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Preconfiguring packages …
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Preparing to unpack …/8-postfix_3.4.13-0ubuntu1.2_amd64.deb …
Unpacking postfix (3.4.13-0ubuntu1.2) …
Setting up libgc1c2:amd64 (1:7.6.4-0.4ubuntu1) …
Setting up libkyotocabinet16v5:amd64 (1.2.76-4.2build1) …
Setting up libntlm0:amd64 (1.5-2ubuntu0.1) …
Setting up mailutils-common (1:3.7-2.1) …
Setting up postfix (3.4.13-0ubuntu1.2) …
Adding group `postfix’ (GID 121) …
Done.
Adding system user `postfix’ (UID 117) …
Adding new user `postfix’ (UID 117) with group `postfix’ …
Not creating home directory `/var/spool/postfix’.
Creating /etc/postfix/dynamicmaps.cf
Adding group `postdrop’ (GID 122) …
Done.
setting myhostname: gemini
setting alias maps
setting alias database
changing /etc/mailname to kevwells.com
setting myorigin
setting destinations: $myhostname, kevwells.com, gemini, localhost.localdomain, localhost
setting relayhost:
setting mynetworks: 127.0.0.0/8 [::ffff:127.0.0.0]/104 [::1]/128
setting mailbox_size_limit: 0
setting recipient_delimiter: +
setting inet_interfaces: all
setting inet_protocols: all
/etc/aliases does not exist, creating it.
WARNING: /etc/aliases exists, but does not have a root alias.
Postfix (main.cf) is now set up with a default configuration. If you need to
make changes, edit /etc/postfix/main.cf (and others) as needed. To view
Postfix configuration values, see postconf(1).
After modifying main.cf, be sure to run ‘systemctl reload postfix’.
Running newaliases
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/postfix.service → /lib/systemd/system/postfix.service.
Setting up guile-2.2-libs:amd64 (2.2.7+1-4) …
Setting up libgsasl7:amd64 (1.8.1-1) …
Setting up libmailutils6:amd64 (1:3.7-2.1) …
Setting up mailutils (1:3.7-2.1) …
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/frm.mailutils to provide /usr/bin/frm (frm) in auto mode
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/from.mailutils to provide /usr/bin/from (from) in auto mode
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/messages.mailutils to provide /usr/bin/messages (messages) in auto mode
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/movemail.mailutils to provide /usr/bin/movemail (movemail) in auto mode
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/readmsg.mailutils to provide /usr/bin/readmsg (readmsg) in auto mode
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/dotlock.mailutils to provide /usr/bin/dotlock (dotlock) in auto mode
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/mail.mailutils to provide /usr/bin/mailx (mailx) in auto mode
Processing triggers for rsyslog (8.2001.0-1ubuntu1.1) …
Processing triggers for ufw (0.36-6ubuntu1) …
Processing triggers for systemd (245.4-4ubuntu3.15) …
Processing triggers for man-db (2.9.1-1) …
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.31-0ubuntu9.7) …
root@gemini:~#
root@gemini:~#
root@gemini:~# ps -ef | grep post
root 156623 1 0 12:02 ? 00:00:00 /usr/lib/postfix/sbin/master -w
postfix 156627 156623 0 12:02 ? 00:00:00 pickup -l -t unix -u -c
postfix 156628 156623 0 12:02 ? 00:00:00 qmgr -l -t unix -u
postfix 157699 156623 0 12:07 ? 00:00:00 cleanup -z -t unix -u -c
postfix 157700 156623 0 12:07 ? 00:00:00 trivial-rewrite -n rewrite -t unix -u -c
postfix 157702 156623 0 12:07 ? 00:00:00 local -t unix
postfix 157703 156623 0 12:07 ? 00:00:00 bounce -z -t unix -u -c
postfix 157704 156623 0 12:07 ? 00:00:00 bounce -z -t unix -u -c
root 157729 139671 0 12:08 pts/0 00:00:00 grep –color=auto post
root@gemini:~# systemctl status postfix
● postfix.service – Postfix Mail Transport Agent
Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/postfix.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
Active: active (exited) since Wed 2022-03-09 12:02:12 UTC; 6min ago
Main PID: 156624 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Tasks: 0 (limit: 2274)
Memory: 0B
CGroup: /system.slice/postfix.service
Mar 09 12:02:12 gemini systemd[1]: Starting Postfix Mail Transport Agent…
Mar 09 12:02:12 gemini systemd[1]: Finished Postfix Mail Transport Agent.
root@gemini:~# netstat -ltnp | grep 25
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:25 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 156623/master
tcp6 0 0 :::25 :::* LISTEN 156623/master
SMTP and Port 25 for Outgoing Mail
Port 25 is used as standard for SMTP mail server communication across the internet, so you need to first open port 25 on your network/server firewall,
However, if your server platform provider does not permit traffic through port 25 then you will need to arrange to relay your outgoing emails to the SMTP mail server of another willing organization.
Many will require payment for this service, or at the very least some indication and assurance of your bona-fide intentions.
This is because SMTP mail relay is a sensitive issue, as is also allowing smtp traffic to pass through the network of cloud service, server infrastructure, and virtual server providers.
SMTP mail server relays can be used for email spamming operations, which can cause the IP addresses on which these servers are located to become blacklisted by email-spam-server database listing services and agents – and which can in turn have disastrous consequences for those affected, both in IT technical as well as business terms.
To open port 25 on the ubuntu firewall
root@gemini:~# ufw allow 25
Rule added
Rule added (v6)
root@gemini:~#
check the port is now open by telnetting to port 25:
root@gemini:~# telnet kevwells.com 25
Trying 78.141.200.190…
Connected to kevwells.com.
Escape character is ‘^]’.
220 localhost ESMTP Postfix (Ubuntu)
quit
221 2.0.0 Bye
Connection closed by foreign host.
root@gemini:~#
Check MX Records on your DNS Server
Before configuring postfix to forward mails for your domain, check the MX records for your domain on your DNS server are pointing to the right server.
You can do this the dig command:
root@gemini:~#
root@gemini:~#
root@gemini:~# dig kevwells.com mx
; <<>> DiG 9.16.1-Ubuntu <<>> kevwells.com mx
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 15606
;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 1
;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION:
; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 65494
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;kevwells.com. IN MX
;; ANSWER SECTION:
kevwells.com. 300 IN MX 10 kevwells.com.
;; Query time: 0 msec
;; SERVER: 127.0.0.53#53(127.0.0.53)
;; WHEN: Wed Mar 09 12:11:55 UTC 2022
;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 57
root@gemini:~#
The ‘ANSWER SECTION’ shows kevwells.com is defined as the mail server for kevwells.com (in some environments they could be separate machines).
Next, check the A records for the domain kevwells.com to see the server ip it points to.
root@gemini:~# dig kevwells.com a
; <<>> DiG 9.16.1-Ubuntu <<>> kevwells.com a
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 53586
;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 1
;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION:
; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 65494
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;kevwells.com. IN A
;; ANSWER SECTION:
kevwells.com. 300 IN A 78.141.200.190
;; Query time: 19 msec
;; SERVER: 127.0.0.53#53(127.0.0.53)
;; WHEN: Wed Mar 09 12:14:52 UTC 2022
;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 57
root@gemini:~#
check your hostname with
root@gemini:/etc/postfix# hostname -f
gemini
root@gemini:/etc/postfix#
you will need to add this to the postfix config
Configure postfix to forward mails
Locate the configuration directory using the postconf command:
root@gemini:~# postconf | grep config_directory
config_directory = /etc/postfix
root@gemini:~#
Edit the /etc/postfix/main.cf file, adding the following lines to the end of it:
virtual_alias_domains = mydomain.com myanotherdomain.com
virtual_alias_maps = hash:/etc/postfix/virtual
So in our case we add:
virtual_alias_domains = kevwells.com
virtual_alias_maps = hash:/etc/postfix/virtual
The first line virtual_alias_domains defines the domains for which postfix will accept mail. Multiple domains are separated by a space.
The second line virtual_alias_maps defines the path to the file which will contain mappings specifying how to forward emails for these domains.
Next edit the /etc/postfix/virtual file (create one if it does not yet exist) and add to it the emails you want to forward along with the destination emails.
The first email is the address on which postfix will receive mail, and the second is the address to which postfix will forward these mails.
eg, to forward:
root@kevwells.com kevrwells@gmail.com
kevin@kevwells.com kevrwells@gmail.com
If you want to receive and forward aLL mails to any address for a specific domain, use the following definition format:
@mydomain.com myself@gmail.com mycolleagues@gmail.com
After entering the forwarding rules, save the file and then Update the postfix lookup table:
root@gemini:~# postmap /etc/postfix/virtual
root@gemini:~#
then reload the postfix configuration:
systemctl restart postfix
root@gemini:~# systemctl restart postfix
root@gemini:~# systemctl status postfix
● postfix.service – Postfix Mail Transport Agent
Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/postfix.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
Active: active (exited) since Wed 2022-03-09 12:25:54 UTC; 5s ago
Process: 159667 ExecStart=/bin/true (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Main PID: 159667 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Mar 09 12:25:54 gemini systemd[1]: Starting Postfix Mail Transport Agent…
Mar 09 12:25:54 gemini systemd[1]: Finished Postfix Mail Transport Agent.
root@gemini:~#
Next, verify using the postconf command that the domain aliases and alias file are correct:
root@gemini:~# postconf -n | grep virtual
virtual_alias_domains = kevwells.com
virtual_alias_maps = hash:/etc/postfix/virtual
root@gemini:~#
Next, test mail forwarding by sending an email from somewhere outside to the address of your domain.
You should then see the same mail forwarded to the gmail account you specified, usually within a few seconds or sometimes a little longer.
If you want to relay to for example gmail.com, then add the gmail server in the file
root@gemini:/var/mail# nano /etc/postfix/main.cf
root@gemini:/var/mail#
mydestination = $myhostname, kevwells.com, gemini, localhost.localdomain, localhost
relayhost = [smtp.gmail.com]:587
then restart the postfix server service:
root@gemini:/var/mail# systemctl restart postfix
Next, create a /etc/postfix/sasl_passwd file with the following content.
[smtp.gmail.com]:587 kevrwells@gmail.com:password
password is your Google gmail password for that gmail account.
Note. This Google Account requires disabled settings under Security – Sign in to Google – go to Security Verification and set two factor OFF,
and access to the Google Account when accessed by less secure apps must be ON.
Then run postmap to create the file sasl_passwd as a Berkeley DB file.
root@gemini:/var/mail# postmap /etc/postfix/sasl_passwd
root@gemini:/var/mail#
then restart Postfix
root@gemini:/var/mail#
root@gemini:/var/mail# systemctl restart postfix
root@gemini:/var/mail# systemctl status postfix
● postfix.service – Postfix Mail Transport Agent
Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/postfix.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
Active: active (exited) since Wed 2022-03-09 12:50:38 UTC; 4s ago
Process: 164711 ExecStart=/bin/true (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Main PID: 164711 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Mar 09 12:50:38 gemini systemd[1]: Starting Postfix Mail Transport Agent…
Mar 09 12:50:38 gemini systemd[1]: Finished Postfix Mail Transport Agent.
root@gemini:/var/mail#
Test the Postfix configuration with this command string issued on the shell command line:
echo “This is a test email.” | mail -v -s “Test email” -r kevrwells@gmail.com root@kevwells.com
Obtaining TLS Certificate with Apache Web Server
You need to have an Apache virtual host for mail.your-domain.com before obtaining Let’s Encrypt TLS certificate.
Create the virtual host file:
sudo nano /etc/apache2/sites-available/mail.your-domain.com.conf
Then paste the following text into the file.
ServerName mail.your-domain.com
DocumentRoot /var/www/html/
Save and close the file. Enable this virtual host.
Open the imap port 143 on your firewall:
root@gemini:/etc/postfix# ufw allow 143
Rule added
Rule added (v6)
root@gemini:/etc/postfix# netstat -tulpn | grep 143
root@gemini:/etc/postfix# ufw allow 80,443,587,465,143,993/tcp
Rule added
Rule added (v6)
root@gemini:/etc/postfix# cd ..
root@gemini:/etc# cd apache2/
root@gemini:/etc/apache2# ls
apache2.conf conf-available conf-enabled envvars magic mods-available mods-enabled ports.conf sites-available sites-enabled
root@gemini:/etc/apache2# cd sites-enabled/
root@gemini:/etc/apache2/sites-enabled# ls
000-default.conf 000-default.conf.save default-ssl.conf
root@gemini:/etc/apache2/sites-enabled# nano 000-default.conf
So you add the following entry:
ServerName mail.kevwells.com
DocumentRoot /var/www/html/
root@gemini:/etc/apache2/sites-enabled# systemctl reload apache2
root@gemini:/etc/apache2/sites-enabled# certbot certonly -a apache –agree-tos –no-eff-email –staple-ocsp –email kevrwells@gmail.com -d mail.kevwells.com
Saving debug log to /var/log/letsencrypt/letsencrypt.log
Plugins selected: Authenticator apache, Installer None
Obtaining a new certificate
Performing the following challenges:
http-01 challenge for mail.kevwells.com
Waiting for verification…
Cleaning up challenges
IMPORTANT NOTES:
– Congratulations! Your certificate and chain have been saved at:
/etc/letsencrypt/live/mail.kevwells.com/fullchain.pem
Your key file has been saved at:
/etc/letsencrypt/live/mail.kevwells.com/privkey.pem
Your cert will expire on 2022-06-07. To obtain a new or tweaked
version of this certificate in the future, simply run certbot
again. To non-interactively renew *all* of your certificates, run
“certbot renew”
– If you like Certbot, please consider supporting our work by:
Donating to ISRG / Let’s Encrypt: https://letsencrypt.org/donate
Donating to EFF: https://eff.org/donate-le
root@gemini:/etc/apache2/sites-enabled#
To send emails from a desktop email client, you need to enable the submission service of Postfix so the email client can submit emails to Postfix SMTP server.
Edit the master.cf file:
nano /etc/postfix/master.cf
In the submission section, uncomment or add the following lines.
Allow at least one whitespace (tab or spacebar) before -o. In postfix configurations, a preceding whitespace character means the line is a continuation of the previous line.
(By default the submission section is commented out. You can copy the following lines and paste them into the file, so you don’t have to manually uncomment or add new text.)
submission inet n – y – – smtpd
-o syslog_name=postfix/submission
-o smtpd_tls_security_level=encrypt
-o smtpd_tls_wrappermode=no
-o smtpd_sasl_auth_enable=yes
-o smtpd_relay_restrictions=permit_sasl_authenticated,reject
-o smtpd_recipient_restrictions=permit_mynetworks,permit_sasl_authenticated,reject
-o smtpd_sasl_type=dovecot
-o smtpd_sasl_path=private/auth
The above configuration enables the submission daemon of Postfix and requires TLS encryption.
So later on our desktop email client can connect to the submission daemon in TLS encryption.
The submission daemon listens on TCP port 587. STARTTLS is used to encrypt communications between email client and the submission daemon.
Next, we need to specify the location of our TLS certificate and private key in the Postfix configuration file.
Edit the main.cf file:
nano /etc/postfix/main.cf
Edit the TLS parameter as follows.
Remember to replace mail.your-domain.com with your real hostname.
#Enable TLS Encryption when Postfix receives incoming emails
smtpd_tls_cert_file=/etc/letsencrypt/live/mail.your-domain.com/fullchain.pem
smtpd_tls_key_file=/etc/letsencrypt/live/mail.your-domain.com/privkey.pem
smtpd_tls_security_level=may
smtpd_tls_loglevel = 1
smtpd_tls_session_cache_database = btree:${data_directory}/smtpd_scache
#Enable TLS Encryption when Postfix sends outgoing emails
smtp_tls_security_level = may
smtp_tls_loglevel = 1
smtp_tls_session_cache_database = btree:${data_directory}/smtp_scache
#Enforce TLSv1.3 or TLSv1.2
smtpd_tls_mandatory_protocols = !SSLv2, !SSLv3, !TLSv1, !TLSv1.1
smtpd_tls_protocols = !SSLv2, !SSLv3, !TLSv1, !TLSv1.1
smtp_tls_mandatory_protocols = !SSLv2, !SSLv3, !TLSv1, !TLSv1.1
smtp_tls_protocols = !SSLv2, !SSLv3, !TLSv1, !TLSv1.1
Your Let’s Encrypt certificate and private key are stored under /etc/letsencrypt/live/mail.your-domain.com/ directory.
#Enable TLS Encryption when Postfix receives incoming emails
smtpd_tls_cert_file=/etc/letsencrypt/live/mail.kevwells.com/fullchain.pem
smtpd_tls_key_file=/etc/letsencrypt/live/mail.kevwells.com/privkey.pem
smtpd_tls_security_level=may
smtpd_tls_loglevel = 1
smtpd_tls_session_cache_database = btree:${data_directory}/smtpd_scache
#Enable TLS Encryption when Postfix sends outgoing emails
smtp_tls_security_level = may
smtp_tls_loglevel = 1
smtp_tls_session_cache_database = btree:${data_directory}/smtp_scache
#Enforce TLSv1.3 or TLSv1.2
smtpd_tls_mandatory_protocols = !SSLv2, !SSLv3, !TLSv1, !TLSv1.1
smtpd_tls_protocols = !SSLv2, !SSLv3, !TLSv1, !TLSv1.1
smtp_tls_mandatory_protocols = !SSLv2, !SSLv3, !TLSv1, !TLSv1.1
smtp_tls_protocols = !SSLv2, !SSLv3, !TLSv1, !TLSv1.1
Your Let’s Encrypt certificate and private key are stored under /etc/letsencrypt/live/mail.kevwells.com/ directory.
Then restart Postfix:
systemctl restart postfix
If you run the following command, you will see Postfix is now listening on port 587 and 465.
ss -lnpt | grep master
root@gemini:/etc/apache2/sites-enabled#
root@gemini:/etc/apache2/sites-enabled# ss -lnpt | grep master
LISTEN 0 100 0.0.0.0:25 0.0.0.0:* users:((“master”,pid=173714,fd=13))
LISTEN 0 100 0.0.0.0:587 0.0.0.0:* users:((“master”,pid=173714,fd=18))
LISTEN 0 100 [::]:25 [::]:* users:((“master”,pid=173714,fd=14))
LISTEN 0 100 [::]:587 [::]:* users:((“master”,pid=173714,fd=19))
root@gemini:/etc/apache2/sites-enabled#
To kill all mails waiting to be sent:
postsuper -d ALL
root@gemini:/etc/postfix# postsuper -d ALL
postsuper: Deleted: 7 messages
root@gemini:/etc/postfix#